双语学习七大优势：延缓老年痴呆让你更聪明/成功者与平庸者之间的十大差距

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發佈時間： 5/16/2015 7:12:07 PM 被閲覽數： 162 次 來源： 邦泰

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Learning a foreign language is more than just a boost to your CV orhandy for travelling. It will make you smarter, more decisive andeven better at English, says Anne Merritt.
　　学外语不仅是丰富你的简历或者方便旅行。学外语会让你更聪明，更果断，甚至让你的母语更棒，语言学作家安妮·梅里特讲到。
　　Physiological studies have found that speaking two or morelanguages is a great asset to the cognitive process. The brains ofbilingual people operate differently than single language speakers,and these differences offer several mental benefits。
　　生理研究发现能讲两种或以上的语言对于认知过程大有帮助，是一笔莫大的财富。能讲两种语言的人们，其大脑运转方式和只能讲一种语言的人是不同的，这种不同，带来了好些脑力方面的帮助。
　　Below are seven cognitive advantages to learning a foreignlanguage. Many of theseattributes are only apparent inpeople who speak multiple languages regularly –if you haven’t spoken a foreign tongue since your A levels, yourbrain might not be reapingthesebilingual benefits. However, people who begin language study intheir adult lives can still achieve the same levels of fluency as ayoung learner, and still reap the same mental benefits, too。
　　以下是学习一门外语的七个认知优势。这其中的很多特质只适用于频繁讲多种语言的人——如果你在达到初级水平之后就再也没讲过这门外语，你的大脑可能还没有抓住这些双语优势。然而，在成人阶段开始语言学习的人们仍然可以达到和年少学生一样的流利程度，也同样可以收获相同的认知优势。
　　You become smarter
　　变得更聪明
　　Speaking a foreign language improves the functionality of your brain bychallenging it to recognise, negotiate meaning, and communicate indifferent language systems. This skill boosts your ability tonegotiate meaning in other problem-solving tasks as well。
　　讲外语会迫使你的大脑去识别、调整语义，并且在不同的语言系统中交流，以此提升大脑的功能。此技能也会帮助你在解决其他问题时懂得调整。
　　Students who study foreign languages tend to score better onstandardised tests than their monolingual peers, particularly inthe categories of maths, reading, and vocabulary。
　　学习外语的学生，和只会讲一种语言的同学相比，更倾向于在标准化考试中取得更好的成绩，尤其是在数学、阅读和词汇这些范畴。
　　You build multitasking skills
　　拥有同时执行多项任务的技能
　　Multilingual people, especially children, are skilled at switchingbetween two systems of speech, writing, and structure. According toa study from the Pennsylvania State University, this “juggling”skill makes them good multitaskers, because they can easily switchbetween different structures. In one study, participants used adriving simulatorwhile doing separate, distracting tasks atthe same time. The research found that people who spoke more thanone language made fewer errors in their driving。
　　能讲多种语言的人，尤其是小孩子，擅长在两种口语、写作和结构系统中转换。宾州州立大学的一项研究表明，这种“玩戏法”的技能让他们能够很棒地同时执行多项任务，因为他们可以轻易地在不同架构中转换。在一项研究中，参与者在使用模拟驾驶系统的同时做了其他分散注意力的事情。研究发现能讲多种语言的人在这种驾驶过程中更少出错。
　　You stave off Alzheimer’sand dementia
　　延缓老年痴呆或者其他痴呆症
　　Several studies have been conducted on this topic, and the resultsare consistent. Formonolingual adults, the mean age forthe first signs of dementia is 71.4. For adults whospeak two or more languages, the mean age for those first signs is75.5. Studies considered factors such as education level, incomelevel, gender, and physical health, but the results wereconsistent。
　　针对这一话题开展过多项研究，结果是一致的。对于只讲一种语言的成人，初现痴呆症状的平均年龄是71.4。对于能讲两种或者以上语言的成人，平均年龄为75.5。这些研究考虑了诸如教育、收入、性别和身体健康等多方面的因素，但结果都是一致的。
　　Your memory improves
　　提高记忆力
　　Educators often liken the brain to a muscle, becauseit functions better with exercise. Learning a language involvesmemorising rules and vocabulary, which helps strengthen that mental“muscle。” This exercise improves overall memory, which means thatmultiple language speakers are better at remembering lists orsequences. Studies show that bilinguals are better at retainingshopping lists, names, and directions。
　　大脑越用越灵活，所以教育者通常将大脑比作肌肉。学习一门语言需要记忆规则和词汇，这些有助于锻炼你的认知“肌肉”。这样的锻炼会全面提升你的记忆力，这意味着能讲多种语言的人更擅长于记忆列表或者次序。研究显示，双语学习者更擅长记住购物清单、人名和方位。
　　You become more perceptive
　　更能明察事理
　　A study from Spain’s University of Pompeu Fabra revealedthat multilingual people are better atobserving their surroundings. They aremore adept at focusing on relevantinformation and editing out the irrelevant. They’re also better atspotting misleading information. Is it any surprise that SherlockHolmes and Hercule Poirot are skilledpolyglots?
　　来自西班牙庞培法布拉大学的一项研究揭示：讲多种语言的人更会观察他们周围的环境。他们更擅长于集中注意力在相关信息上，同时排除无关干扰，他们也更擅长于找出迷惑性信息。名侦探夏洛克·福尔摩斯和赫尔克里·波洛都通晓多种语言，你还觉得惊奇么？
　　Your decision-making skills improve
　　更会做决定
　　According to a study from the University of Chicago, bilingualstend to make more rational decisions. Any languagecontains nuance and subtle implications in itsvocabulary, and these biases can subconsciously influence yourjudgment. Bilinguals are more confident with their choices afterthinking it over in the second language and seeing whether theirinitial conclusions still stand up。
　　据来自芝加哥大学的一项研究，能讲两种语言的人倾向于做出更理性的决定。任何语言的词汇都包含细微的差别和微妙的暗示，而这些偏差会潜意识地影响你的判断。能讲多种语言的人会用第二语言考虑自己最初的结论是否成立，之后他们会对自己的决定更加自信。
　　You improve your English
　　你的母语也会更棒
Learning a foreign language draws your focus to the mechanics oflanguage: grammar, conjugations, and sentence structure. This makesyou more aware of language, and the ways it can be structured andmanipulated. These skills can make you a more effectivecommunicator and a sharper editor and writer. Language speakersalso develop a better ear for listening, since they’re skilled atdistinguishing meaning from discreet sounds。
　　学习外语会将你的注意力集中在语言结构本身：语法，词形变化和句子结构。这会增强你的语言意识，以及组织和操纵语言的能力。这些技能会让你成为一个更有效的沟通者，更犀利的编辑和作家。语言学习者在这一过程中也成为更好的倾听者，因为他们擅长于通过严谨的发言来区别不同的意思。

双语：成功者与平庸者之间的十大差

距

backchina

Below are the 10 differences between successful people and unsuccessful people。
　　下面为大家介绍成功者与平庸者之间的10大区别：
　　1. Embrace change vs. Fear change
　　1. 接受改变 vs. 惧怕改变
　　Embracing change is one of the hardest things a person can do. With the world moving so fast and constantly changing, and technologyaccelerating faster than ever, we need to embrace what’s coming and adapt, rather than fear it, deny it or hide from it。
　　一个人最难做的事情之一就是接受改变。这个世界进步太快，随时随地都在发生着改变，而科技也是日新月异。我们应该接受即将到来的改变，并适应这样的改变，而不是害怕、否认、逃避。
　　2. Want others to succeed vs. Secretly hope others fail
　　2. 希望他人成功 vs. 暗地里希望他人失败
　　When you’re in an organization with a group of people, in order to be successful, you all have to be successful. We need to want to see our co-workers succeed and grow. If you wish for their demise, why even work with them at all?
　　和一群人在一家公司工作的时候，你要想成功，那么所有人都必须成功。我们应该希望看到自己同事的成功和进步。如果你希望他们失败，那还为什么要和他们一起工作呢？
　　3. Accept responsibly for your failures vs. Blame others for your failures
　　3.勇于承担失败的责任 vs. 因失败抱怨他人
　　Where there are ups, there are most always downs. Being a leader and successful businessperson means always having to accept responsibility for your failures. Blaming others solves nothing; it just puts other people down and absolutely no good comes from it。
　　人生总是充满起起落落。作为一个领导者和一名成功的商业人士要勇于承担失败的责任。埋怨他人于事无补，只会让别人感到难堪，抱怨绝不会有任何好处。
　　4. Talk about ideas vs. Talk about people
　　4. 谈论想法 vs. 谈论他人
　　What did we all learn in high school? Gossip gets you nowhere. Instead of gossiping about people, successful people talk about ideas. Sharing ideas with others will only make them better。
　　我们在高中都学会了什么？八卦不会给你带来任何好处。成功人士在一起会谈论自己的想法而不是八卦他人。彼此交换想法只会让他们变的更好。
　　5. Set goals and life plans vs. Do not set goals
　　5. 确立目标和人生计划 vs. 没有目标
　　You can’t possibly be successful without knowing where you’re going in life. A life vision board, 10 year plan, 3 year forecast, annual strategic plan, and daily goal lists are useful tools of the mega-successful people. Get your vision and goals down on paper!
　　生活中，如果你不知道自己要往哪里前进，那么你也不会成功。人生规划，10年规划，3年预期，每年的策略性计划以及每天的目标列表对于成功人士都是很有用的工具。将自己的规划和目标写在纸上。
　　6. Keep a journal vs. Say you keep a journal but don’t
　　6. 写日记 vs. 说自己要写日记但从来没写过
　　Keeping a journal is a great way to jot down quick ideas or thoughts. Writing them down can lead to something even greater. You can even use mobile apps or your Notes function in your phone. But don’t fool yourself by saying you keep a journal and not following through。
　　写日记是一个很好的方法来快速地记下自己的想法。记下这些想法会创造出更伟大的东西。你甚至可以使用手机的应用程序或者手机里的便签功能来写日记。但是不要欺骗自己，说要写日记但从来没有执行过。
　　7. Read every day vs. Watch TV every day
　　7. 每天读书 vs. 每天看电视
　　Reading every day educates you on new subjects. Whether you are reading a blog, your favorite magazine or a good book, you can learn and become more knowledgeable as you read. Watching television, on the other hand, may be good entertainment or an escape, but you’ll rarely get anything out of TV to help you become more successful。
　　每天的阅读可以让你接触不同的内容。不论是读一篇博客，自己最喜欢的杂志还是一本好书，你都会学到东西，变的更加博学。相反，看电视也许是很好的娱乐方式或者说是一种很好的逃避方式，但是要想成功，电视节目益处很少。
　　8. Continuously learn vs. Fly by the seat of your pants
　　8. 不断学习 vs. 三分钟热度
　　Continuously learning and improving is the only way to grow. You can be a step above your competition and become more flexible because you know more. If you just fly by the seat of your pants, you could be passing up opportunities that prevent you from learning (and growing!)
　　不断的学习和进步是唯一的成长方式。因为知道更多，自己就可以在竞争中掌握先机，也会更加游刃有余。如果做事总是三分钟热度，你就会错失很多机会，妨碍自己的学习和进步。
　　9. Forgive others vs. Hold a grudge
　　9. 原谅他人 vs. 不断抱怨
　　Everybody makes mistakes; it’s human. The only way to get past the mistake is to forgive and move on. Dwelling on anger only makes things worse - for you。
　　每个人都会犯错，这是不可避免的。唯一解决错误的方式就是原谅，然后继续前进。对自己而言，老是生气只会让事情变得更糟。
　　10. Keep a “To-Be” list vs. Don’t know what you want to be
　　10. 拥有梦想 vs. 前路迷茫
　　A “To-Be” list is a great way to strategize for the future. I want to be an elected official one day. I want to be a TED speaker. I want to be the CEO of a public company. I want to be a great father and husband. Unsuccessful people have no idea what they want to be. If you don’t know what you want to be, how can you achieve success? What do you want to be?
　　一份“梦想”列表是很好的未来规划。终有一天，我要成为一名官员。我想要成为一名TED演讲者。我想要成为一家上市公司的CEO。我想要成为一个伟大的父亲和丈夫。平庸的人不知道他们想要成为什么。如果你都不知道自己想要成为什么，怎么会成功呢？你想要成为什么呢？
Below are the 10 differences between successful people and unsuccessful people.
　　下面为大家介绍成功者与平庸者之间的10大区别：
　　1. Embrace change vs. Fear change
　　1. 接受改变 vs. 惧怕改变
　　Embracing change is one of the hardest things a person can do. With the world moving so fast and constantly changing, and technologyaccelerating faster than ever, we need to embrace what’s coming and adapt, rather than fear it, deny it or hide from it。
　　一个人最难做的事情之一就是接受改变。这个世界进步太快，随时随地都在发生着改变，而科技也是日新月异。我们应该接受即将到来的改变，并适应这样的改变，而不是害怕、否认、逃避。
　　2. Want others to succeed vs. Secretly hope others fail
　　2. 希望他人成功 vs. 暗地里希望他人失败
　　When you’re in an organization with a group of people, in order to be successful, you all have to be successful. We need to want to see our co-workers succeed and grow. If you wish for their demise, why even work with them at all?
　　和一群人在一家公司工作的时候，你要想成功，那么所有人都必须成功。我们应该希望看到自己同事的成功和进步。如果你希望他们失败，那还为什么要和他们一起工作呢？
　　3. Accept responsibly for your failures vs. Blame others for your failures
　　3.勇于承担失败的责任 vs. 因失败抱怨他人
　　Where there are ups, there are most always downs. Being a leader and successful businessperson means always having to accept responsibility for your failures. Blaming others solves nothing; it just puts other people down and absolutely no good comes from it。
　　人生总是充满起起落落。作为一个领导者和一名成功的商业人士要勇于承担失败的责任。埋怨他人于事无补，只会让别人感到难堪，抱怨绝不会有任何好处。
　　4. Talk about ideas vs. Talk about people
　　4. 谈论想法 vs. 谈论他人
　　What did we all learn in high school? Gossip gets you nowhere. Instead of gossiping about people, successful people talk about ideas. Sharing ideas with others will only make them better。
　　我们在高中都学会了什么？八卦不会给你带来任何好处。成功人士在一起会谈论自己的想法而不是八卦他人。彼此交换想法只会让他们变的更好。
　　5. Set goals and life plans vs. Do not set goals
　　5. 确立目标和人生计划 vs. 没有目标
　　You can’t possibly be successful without knowing where you’re going in life. A life vision board, 10 year plan, 3 year forecast, annual strategic plan, and daily goal lists are useful tools of the mega-successful people. Get your vision and goals down on paper!
　　生活中，如果你不知道自己要往哪里前进，那么你也不会成功。人生规划，10年规划，3年预期，每年的策略性计划以及每天的目标列表对于成功人士都是很有用的工具。将自己的规划和目标写在纸上。
　　6. Keep a journal vs. Say you keep a journal but don’t
　　6. 写日记 vs. 说自己要写日记但从来没写过
　　Keeping a journal is a great way to jot down quick ideas or thoughts. Writing them down can lead to something even greater. You can even use mobile apps or your Notes function in your phone. But don’t fool yourself by saying you keep a journal and not following through。
　　写日记是一个很好的方法来快速地记下自己的想法。记下这些想法会创造出更伟大的东西。你甚至可以使用手机的应用程序或者手机里的便签功能来写日记。但是不要欺骗自己，说要写日记但从来没有执行过。
　　7. Read every day vs. Watch TV every day
　　7. 每天读书 vs. 每天看电视
　　Reading every day educates you on new subjects. Whether you are reading a blog, your favorite magazine or a good book, you can learn and become more knowledgeable as you read. Watching television, on the other hand, may be good entertainment or an escape, but you’ll rarely get anything out of TV to help you become more successful。
　　每天的阅读可以让你接触不同的内容。不论是读一篇博客，自己最喜欢的杂志还是一本好书，你都会学到东西，变的更加博学。相反，看电视也许是很好的娱乐方式或者说是一种很好的逃避方式，但是要想成功，电视节目益处很少。
　　8. Continuously learn vs. Fly by the seat of your pants
　　8. 不断学习 vs. 三分钟热度
　　Continuously learning and improving is the only way to grow. You can be a step above your competition and become more flexible because you know more. If you just fly by the seat of your pants, you could be passing up opportunities that prevent you from learning (and growing!)
　　不断的学习和进步是唯一的成长方式。因为知道更多，自己就可以在竞争中掌握先机，也会更加游刃有余。如果做事总是三分钟热度，你就会错失很多机会，妨碍自己的学习和进步。
　　9. Forgive others vs. Hold a grudge
　　9. 原谅他人 vs. 不断抱怨
　　Everybody makes mistakes; it’s human. The only way to get past the mistake is to forgive and move on. Dwelling on anger only makes things worse - for you。
　　每个人都会犯错，这是不可避免的。唯一解决错误的方式就是原谅，然后继续前进。对自己而言，老是生气只会让事情变得更糟。
10. Keep a “To-Be” list vs. Don’t know what you want to be
　　10. 拥有梦想 vs. 前路迷茫
　　A “To-Be” list is a great way to strategize for the future. I want to be an elected official one day. I want to be a TED speaker. I want to be the CEO of a public company. I want to be a great father and husband. Unsuccessful people have no idea what they want to be. If you don’t know what you want to be, how can you achieve success? What do you want to be?
　　一份“梦想”列表是很好的未来规划。终有一天，我要成为一名官员。我想要成为一名TED演讲者。我想要成为一家上市公司的CEO。我想要成为一个伟大的父亲和丈夫。平庸的人不知道他们想要成为什么。如果你都不知道自己想要成为什么，怎么会成功呢？你想要成为什么呢？